United Nations Childrens Fund :: essays research papers

Introduction (United Nations Children's Fund [UNICF], n.d.)The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) is a leading advocate for women and children rights. Founded in 1946 and active in 157 countries and territories around the world. The UNICEF has committed it resources to achieve results for children in five major areas: Rights to an education Best possible start in life Safeguard against disease, provide immunizations Stop spread of AIDS/HIV and care for those already infected Protection from violence, exploitation, abuse and discrimination UNICEF’s mission is to remain focus on these five priorities all over the world in all circumstances including conflicts, war, natural disasters, emergencies and also in times of peace. In order to accomplish their mission UNICEF’s management must take into account ethics in planning and the factors of strategy, tactics, operations and contingency which influence each plan in management. Strategy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Management at The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) must have a strategic plan which serves as the framework to build â€Å"A World Fit for Children.†(UNICEF [UNICEF], 1998) To plan strategically management must take into account UNCEF vision and mission and there strengths, weakness and threats to accomplish their goals.(World Health Organization [WHO], 2003, 1) An example of this is UNICEF working with all those who share their commitment to the rights of every child. Organizations such as World Health Organization (WHO) who have been working with UNICEF on a strategy to fight vaccine-preventable diseases called The Global Immunization Vision and Strategy (GIVS) goal is to fight vaccine-preventable diseases, which kill more than two million people every year, two thirds of those killed are children. WHO and UNICEF will assist governments in designing, financing and implementing national immunization programs while also taking into account et hics involving culture and religious beliefs of those who do not believe in immunizations. Tactical The tactical plan of United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) management must describe how the organizations goals will be met and by when. It must also entail plans to help assure ethical business practices throughout UNICEF. The success of these goals will depend on the quality of there programs, information, communication, advocacy and the excellence of their internal management and operations. UNICEF management must hold them selves accountable to do all that they can for the success of their goals by planning, monitoring, evaluating, and reporting to achieve the results in the five major areas to change the world to serve the best interest of the child. Operational Operational planning in Management at the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) is setting out clearly the implementation of the strategic plan against specific objectives.

Discuss the Role of Endogenous Pacemakers

Discuss the role of endogenous pacemakers in the control of circadian rhythms [AO1 8 marks, AO2 16 marks] An endogenous pacemaker is an internal biological clock that controls the way in which many of our biological rhythms behave. Many of these rhythms run on a 24 hour basis, such as the sleep/wake cycle, bodily temperatures and some of our hormones. The main endogenous pacemaker in mammals is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is located in the hypothalamus. It receives information about lights from the eye through the optic nerve.This happens even when our eyes are shut, due to them being so thin, meaning that if our endogenous clocks are slow (e. g. because the sun rises earlier than the day before) morning light automatically shifts the clock ahead, putting the rhythm back in sync with the day. At night, when there is no light, the SCN then sends a message to the pineal gland, causing it to increase the production of melatonin, which induces sleep by preventing the brains mechanism to promote wakefulness.An example of the way endogenous pacemakers control our circadian rhythms is a case study on Michael Siffre. Siffre willingly spent a long period of time under ground, to find out what happens to the sleep/wake cycle when the biological rhythm is allowed to run freely without external cues. His findings showed that the free running cycle settled down to a regular rhythm which is little over 24 hours. This study shows that the circadian rhythm persists without the cues of natural light, which demonstrates the existence of an endogenous clock.However the study also shows that external cues are also important to the sleep/wake cycle, because the clock was not perfectly accurate, meaning that without the cues of natural light, it would become out of sync with day and night. This study was supported by Aschoff and Wever (1985) who placed participants in an underground bunker without any external cues , and found that many participants displayed circadian rhythms of between 24 and 25 hours. However some of the circadian rhythms of those in the bunker were as long as 29 hours, showing that individual differences can effect the results meaning this study and the case study of MichaelSiffre cannot be generalised to the wider population. Miles et al’s (1977) study of a man that had been blind since birth showed that the man had a circadian cycle of 24. 9 hours. The blind man was exposed to different exogenous zeitgebers such as clocks and social cues, but they found that none of these factors reduced his biological clock to 24 hours, and he had to take stimulants in the morning and sedatives at certain times at night to reduce his biological rhythm in time with the rest of the world.This research supports the idea that the sleep/wake cycle isa circadian rhythm controlled by an endogenous pacemaker as it did not adjust when influenced with any natural exogenous zeitgebers, and was only effected when certain drugs were used to chang e it. However this study can be criticized as it is only a case study of one man, meaning it lacks population validity and cannot be generalised to the wider population. Morgan et al (1995) also provided evidence for the effect of endogenous pacemakers of the circadian rhythms by breeding ‘mutant’ hamsters that had circadian rhythms of 20 hours instead of 24.He then cut the SCN’s out of the mutant hamsters and transplanted them into normal hamsters. The normal hamsters the began to display the 20 hour circadian rhythm of the mutant hamster. This proves that endogenous pacemakers play a large role in circadian rhythms, as it showed that the sleep cycle in the hamsters depended on biological factors from with in the brain. However this research may raise some ethical issues as it can be seen to breach the terms of animal cruelty, as it may cause the hamsters to become psychologically unhealthy.Also the research can be criticized as it only shows the effect of the S CN on hamsters sleeping cycles and cannot be generalised to humans as hamsters have much smaller brains and are also nocturnal animals meaning that light does not effect their circadian rhythms, the same way it does ours. In conclusion, I think that endogenous pacemakers do play a very large role in helping to maintain our circadian rhythms, however this is also with the help of various exogenous zeitgebers which help keep the rhythms precise.

Jacksonian Democrats Essay

Jacksonian Democrats are often viewed as prompting political democracy, equal opportunity, and personal liberty. Based on your knowledge of the 1820s, to what extent do you agree with this view? When Jackson took office in 1829 he led, with pride, a new band of politicians. These politicians, the Jacksonian Democrats, had not been born into aristocracy, but instead, had worked and earned their own positions. Jacksonian Democrats are often viewed as prompting political democracy, equal opportunity, and personal liberty, while in fact, these seeds had already been planted in Americans, and the Jacksonian Democrats had only just come to power when they were in full bloom. These ideas actually originated during the 1820s as new states emerged and new state constitutions were written, thus expanding suffrage, opportunity, and hope. Between 1816 and 1821 six new states had been added to the union, five of which were to the west. In order for these new states to be able to distinguish themselves they needed people to populate them, therefore increasing their value. In order to encourage this necessary migration the new states wove new privileges into their constitutions, expanding suffrage and opportunities for the common white man. In these new constitutions there were no limits of property owning upon voting. Eastern states were then pressured to follow suit. They needed their residents to stay as much as the new states needed them to leave. Gradually they changed to allow for the same freedoms as the West, and most white men were given suffrage. Trodding hand in hand with suffrage was the right to hold office. Prior to 1820 only rich aristocrats, owning a considerable amount of land, were permitted to do so. Again, the new states introduced a new concept, this time that every voter has the ability to run for a political office. The older states were forced to debate these new issues and some were reluctant to change. In Massachusetts’ constitutional convention of 1820, Daniel Webster opposed the idea of lifting property requirements. The result of the convention was that all voters were made taxpayers and were allowed to hold office except for that of governor. That position still required considerable land owning. With these new privileges, there was a lot more  that the common white male could work towards, giving him new inspiration and confidence. As people slowly began taking advantage of their new privileges their views and ideas were compiled with the more traditional. In New York, two parties emerged when Martin Van Buren went against the governor and led a small faction to write a new constitution. Though they were suppressed, their point got across and a new message came from their struggle. It was realized that parties were not the evil establishments they had originally thought them to be. Parties would enable the government to become more democratic. Politicians, with the competition of opposing parties, would be always mindful of the wishes of the people. They would keep each other checked, just as the branches of federal government did. Jackson did not create these new forms of democracy. They had been set into motion ten years before he ran for office. He was credited with their effects, though, because it was not until the 1830s that these ideas really caught on and expanded. Though the bulk of the movements occurred while Jackson was president, he did very little to encourage them, because they needed little encouragement. The Americans, in their never-ending quest for freedom and democracy had stumbled upon these expansions all on their own. This had been the pattern prior to, and would prove to be the pattern henceforth of American society.

Describe the ways in which play is said to promote children’s development The WritePass Journal

Describe the ways in which play is said to promote children’s development Introduction Describe the ways in which play is said to promote children’s development IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction Play is an integral part of child development throughout the early years of every child’s life. This is because it permits children to practice their imagination while developing their mind, agility, bodily, cognitive, and expressive strength. Play is important to on-going healthy brain development. Children are known to use play at the early stages of life to interact and make sense of the world around them.  As they master their world, play assists children progress onto innovative abilities that lead to enriched self-confidence and the resiliency they will need to deal with challenges they may come across in the future.2 Above all, many believe that play is a simple yet effective enjoyment that is cherished as part of being a child. There are two categories of play that have been identified; Undirected play which is when children are allowed to play on their own, and directed play which is stimulated play through adult supervision or help.  Undirected play lets children learn how to work in groups, to share, to negotiate by building their communication skills, to resolve encounters, and to learn self-advocacy skills.3,4 When play is allowed to be child driven, children practice decision-making skills, move at their own pace, discover their own areas of interest, and finally participate completely in the desires they wish to follow.3,4  Rather, much of play encompasses adults, but when play is organised by adults, children comply to adult instructions and apprehensions and lose some of the advantages play offers them, particularly in developing creativity, leadership, and group skills.5  In contrast to submissive amusement, play shapes active, fit physiques. In fact, it has been proposed that inspiring unstructured play may be an excellent way to increase physical activity levels in children, which is one vital approach in the resolution of the obesity epidemic.6,7 Furthermore, the act of playing is fundamental to the academic setting. It safeguards that the school setting attends to the social and emotional growth of children as well as their cognitive development. It has been shown to help children adjust to the school setting and even to enhance children’s learning readiness, learning behaviours, and problem-solving skills.8  Social-emotional familiarity is best combined with school learning; it is worrying if some of the forces that enhance children’s ability to learn are elevated at the expense of others. Play and unscheduled time that allow for peer interactions are imperative constituents of social-emotional development. There are particular attributes that are developed in children through the activity of play which is why it is so highly regarded in the early years of the academic syllabus. The well-known psychologist, Piaget, identified play and imitation as an integral part of learning and development and outlined the benefits a child got from playing. He said play was used as a vehicle for overcoming egocentrism. This refers to the pre-school child’s inability to grasp another’s point of view by empathising. By socialising through play and social interaction, other individuals needs can become a focus for the child and therefore develop their cognition further from their own needs. Secondly, he has mentioned that it can be used as a means of accommodating and assimilating reality. Accommodating is when the child takes material into their cognition from the environment, which may mean changing the evidence of their senses to make it fit. Thus accommodating is a result of assimilatio n for the child as they ‘accommodate’ their senses through play to make them fit. Piaget had come up with the notion that play is almost pure assimilation without the need to acquaint one’s self with external realism. For example a child who plays airplane with a rectangular block is usually unconcerned about the requirement of certain essential design to overcome gravity or to make use of air pressure. The child is merely assimilating the wooden block into existing schemata of airplanes. The opposite of this almost pure assimilation is imitation, or the childs serious attempt to accommodate to outer reality. For example if an ambulance arrives outside the school due to a child falling over. A couple of days after the incident the children were playing in the playground. A child acts this out and has an accident. The children took the roles of the paramedics and the people caught in the injured child. As they play this situation through, they were making a serious attempt to accommodate the reality which they had seen and heard about. Assimilation and accommodation are both included in the interaction which unites the individual child to the environment and the childs reality. The give and take in play and imitation is one way that the child learns about the childs world. Piaget’s theory on play goes on to develop these terms further by theorising that in both play and deferred imitation, the child is learning about symbols, or he is learning that one thing can stand for something else. A child puts on a hat and becomes a police man or a cowboy. The hat is the symbol for the role. Play itself is a symbolic representation of the childs own inner world. Last but not least Piaget supports his developmental stages through play. His preoperational stage which is when the child uses its senses to discover the world is achieved through the act of playing. The child learns through first-hand experiences by touching, tasting, smelling and later through actual hands on experiences with material, equipment and ideas. Play provides the child with real experiences to try out and develop cognition and physicality. As shown above through much research and Piaget’s own research and theories, that play is a much needed part of children’s development and growing up. They are able to discover all sorts of ideas, objects, concepts and experiences through the act of playing. Playing in conclusion will always be regarded as a vital concept of life as it is taken seriously in academic situations as well as in the homes with the child’s parents. References 1, Shonkoff JP, Phillips DA, eds.  From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000 2, Erickson RJ. Play contributes to the full emotional development of the child.  Education.1985;105  :26 3, Pellegrini AD, Smith PK. The development of play during childhood: forms and possible functions.  Child Psychol Psychiatry Rev.1998;3  :51– 57 4,   McElwain EL, Volling BL. Preschool children’s interactions with friends and older siblings: relationship specificity and joint contributions to problem behaviors.  J Fam Psychol.2005;19  :486– 496 5, MacDonald KB.  Parent-Child Play: Descriptions and Implications.Albany, NY: State University of New York Press; 1993 6, Burdette HL, Whitaker RC. Resurrecting free play in young children: looking beyond fitness and fatness to attention, affiliation, and affect.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.2005;159  :46– 50 7, American Academy of Pediatrics, Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness and Council on School Health. Active healthy living: prevention of childhood obesity through increased physical activity.Pediatrics.2006:117  :1834– 1842 8, Coolahan K, Fantuzzo J, Mendez J, McDermott P. Preschool peer interactions and readiness to learn: relationships between classroom peer play and learning behaviors and conduct.  J Educ Psychol.2000;92  :458– 465 http://departments.weber.edu/chfam/4990a/Theoryplay.html Accessed 08/08/12

Density Lab Report Essay Example

Density Lab Report Essay Example Density Lab Report Paper Density Lab Report Paper Density is defined by its mass per unit volume, and is most often written in mathematical terms as; Mass is usually given in grams, g, and volume is given in cubic centimeters, g/ com, or, grams per millimeter, g/ml_ Density is not a property that depends upon the amount of substance present. For example, one gram of lead and one ton of lead have the same density. Density also does depend on temperature. For instance cold water is denser than warm water; ice is less dense than both. The method used for determining the density Of a substance depends on the nature f the substance. In this lab the densities of unknown irregularly shaped solids and liquids was determined. Accuracy and precision of the results will be estimated, and attention Will be paid to the correct use of the significant figures. The experiment approach that will be used will tell the mass and volume of the metal and liquid determined by measuring these two quantities with a graduated cylinder and Beirut. Procedure: a) The density of metals First obtained a quantity to unknown metal. Recording the unknown number, I used only one type of metal for this part of the experiment. The unknown metal that was instructed to use was a chunk, therefore, used a Some graduated cylinder, When using the Scam cylinder, I filled it with water to approximately the ml mark. Then recorded the exact volume of water that was added. Placed the cylinder and water on the balance and recorded the mass to every 0. Lag. Added the metal to the graduated cylinder until the water level increased by approximately 2_Mom_ Being sure to tap the sides of the cylinder to release any air bubbles. I then recorded the volume of the water plus teal to the nearest 0. ml Then recorded the total mass of the cylinder, water and metal. Added more pieces of metal to the cylinder until the water level had increased by 2. Mi. Then recorded the exact volume Of water plus metal and total mass of cylinder, water and metal. Repeated the procedure twice more. Being careful not to go over the Mimi mark. And recording the data each time. Calculations: determined the total volume of metal in the cylinder by su btracting the volume of water from the volume of water plus metal. Then found the corresponding ass of metal by subtracting the mass of the cylinder and water from the mass of the cylinder, water and metal, I plotted out the graph showing the total mass of metal on they-axis, and the volume on the x-axis. I found the slope of the line by taking two random points from the graph, performing the slope formula and finding the density. From the table provided, I identified the unknown metal to be silver, b). Determining the density off water/ethanol mixture. Obtained an unknown solution from the instructor. Then recorded the number of the solution. Then rinsed a burette with a little of the ethanol solution, and filled the burette with that same solution. Read the burette level to the nearest 0. Ml. Then weighed an empty Mimi Erlenmeyer flask. Turned the knob Of the burette and put approximately 23. Ml of solution into the flask. I read the burette again, to O_Osmosis and recorded. Next weighed the flask and its contents, by placing the flask on the balance and recording the temperature Of the solution. I then determined the density Of the solution by taking the mass of solution and dividing by the volume of solution. Repeating the procedure twice more using a clean flask and the same balance each time. Calculations: For each of the three trials calculated the density of the solution and determined the mean, average deviation from the mean, percent precision and the range. Then drew a calibration curve from the data given on page 17 of my Laboratory Manual, Discussion: Based on the value of my density, and based on the literature values given on page 16 of my Laboratory Manual, the unknown metal is silver. The density I had obtained trot the slope of the graph was 9. Egg/ml. En compared my density to the chart given, looking for a similar density, The density of my unknown metal was not exact with a particular metal given in the chart, but kept in mind that the density of silver can vary depending of the state it is in, Error Analysis: The possible sources of error in finding the density of the unknown metal and liquid would have to be my consistency throughout the experiment had approximated with my bare eye and was not consistently exact. Therefore, there was an inaccuracy in reading the volume displaced from the graduated cylinder and the Beirut.

Making the case for employee wellbeing in a manufacturing organisation Thesis Proposal

Making the case for employee wellbeing in a manufacturing organisation - Thesis Proposal Example This paper briefly looks into the importance of employee wellness for a large manufacturing organization. In a large manufacturing organization, the employees function like the rings in a chain. As we know, if any one ring goes out of order or damaged in a chain the strength and cohesion of the chain will be lost. Same way in a large manufacturing organization the production processes are linked together. For example consider a tire manufacturing unit which normally may have three divisions; mixing, building and curing. If the mixing people fail to deliver the product in time, tire building will be affected whereas if the building people fail to complete their duties in time curing will be affected. Thus all the employees in a manufacturing unit complement each other in order to attain maximum productivity. â€Å"In situations where pressures to work longer hours are higher, where employees feel overloaded and where managers place stronger demands on personal time, employees are likely to experience greater dissatisfaction with their jobs, higher stress and fatigue, and greater work—life imbalance. (Macky, 2008) Employees under stress or bad health condition may underperform in an organization which will adversely affect an organization especially a big manufacturing organization. If one of the employees deliberately slows down things, it can affect the entire production activities of the unit. So there is nothing wrong in organizations investing heavily for developing or improving the facilities for the workforce at workplaces. Employees should feel a deep relationship with the organization in order to avoid unnecessary absenteeism or taking unnecessary sick leaves. If the employee considers the organization as his own, then he may refrain from activities which negatively affect the organization for which he is working. But in order to develop such deep relationship with the

Research and Referencing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research and Referencing - Assignment Example devices are made of extremely trendy design and size so as to persuade the target customers to purchase the specific brand as compared to competitors within the region of Hawassa. This might prove effective for the mobile phone selling organization to amplify its customer base and loyalty in the market among others. Consumer behaviour is a very important term for the industry players of mobile phone segment in this era as it solves all the queries related to buying such as taste and preference of the customers, price margin, feasible time of purchase, the effective ways followed at the time of purchasing and the specific reasons for purchasing etc. If all the above mentioned queries might be analysed and evaluated by the marketer or the entrepreneur of a mobile phone, then the demand and total sales of the product lines might get increased as compared to their rival players. Certain other factors that influence the buying behaviour of a customer are individual and environmental (Sata, 2013). Among individual factors such as knowledge, perception, personality, attitude, life style etc offers high influence at the time of purchasing. Similarly, environmental factors like social class, culture, family etc also need to be determined at the time of launching or developing a specific mobile phone dev ice. Thus, from the above mentioned points, it might be clearly analysed that the prime factors that affect consumer buying decision are price, social factors, durability, brand name, features of the product and after sales services offered by the